One works the same as the other as far as pumping coolant.Short ones are space savers while tha long ones makes it easier to set up for power steering, air cond. smog pumps and such.
If running headers, you need to make or buy a suitable bracket that would ordinarily mount to the exhaust manifold. A LWP uses bracketry that doesn't require this. But the SWP set up is usually considered "neater"/"cleaner"-looking than the LWP.
If you're wanting to run a serpentine set up, a LWP reverse rotation is usually used.
FWIW-
Chevrolet used a short water pump on small block passenger car engines from 1955-'68, 1969-'70 350 Corvettes, and 1955-'72 light duty trucks.
The dimension from the engine block surface to the water pump hub is 5-5/8". The pilot shaft diameter is 5/8".
Long water pumps were used on small block passenger cars engines from 1969-'87 and on 1973-'86 light duty trucks.
The dimension from the block surface to the hub is 6-15/16". The pilot shaft diameter is also 5/8".
However, 1971-82 Corvettes have a short water pump with a larger 3/4" pilot shaft.
There are exceptions to the above, but generally speaking, it's "in the ballpark".
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