Those bolt holes on the 2 ends of each head go through the head and into coolant. I'm not speaking about exactly what the material is, but obviously for whatever reason there is a leak that deposited the material. It's good form to use liquid teflon sealer on the (cleaned) threads of any bolt that goes into the coolant (usually just do all intake and head bolts with sealer so torque is even). Wire brush the bolt threads and chase the threads in the bolt hole (removes any old sealer as well as junk).
https://www.amazon.com/Permatex-80633-Thread-Sealant-PTFE/dp/B000HBM49W?th=1
https://www.amazon.com/Permatex-80633-Thread-Sealant-PTFE/dp/B000HBM49W?th=1